User:JEditor99/sandbox

For other uses, see User:JEditor99/sandbox (disambiguation).

Spanish Civil War
Part of the interwar period and prelude to World War II
Clockwise from top-left: Members of the XI International Brigade on a T-26 at the Battle of Belchite Granollers after being bombed by the Aviazione Legionaria in 1938 Bombing of an airfield in Spanish Morocco Monarchist soldiers at the Battle of Teruel Nationalist soldiers operating an anti-aircraft gun The Lincoln Battalion
Date 17 July 1936 – 1 April 1939 Location Spain Morocco Western Sahara Guinea Result Nationalist victory Territorial changes Establishment of the Spanish State under the rule of Jose Antonio Primo Rivera and end of the Kingdom of Spain
Belligerents
Monarchists Kingdom of Spain Generalitat de Catalunya Euzko Gudarostea Foreign volunteers German Empire	Nationalists Spanish State National Army FET y de las JONS FE de las JONS Requetés/CT Army of Africa CEDA Spanish Renovation Spanish Military Union Foreign volunteers United Kingdom France
Foreign Support: Portugal Vatican City	Foreign Support: Template:Country data Russian Empire)
Commanders and leaders
Manuel Azaña Francisco Largo Caballero Juan Negrín Indalecio Prieto Segismundo Casado Vicente Rojo Lluch Toribio Martínez Cabrera  José Miaja Juan Modesto Juan Hernández Saravia Lluís Companys  José Antonio Aguirre	Francisco Franco † Emilio Mola † José Sanjurjo † Gonzalo Queipo de Llano Juan Yagüe Miguel Cabanellas † José Enrique Varela Fidel Dávila Arrondo Francisco Gómez-Jordana Manuel Hedilla Manuel Fal Conde Manuel Goded Llopis  Mohammed ben Mizzian
Strength
1936 strength: 446,800 combatants 31 ships 12 submarines 13,000 sailors 1938 strength: 450,000 infantry 350 aircraft 200 tanks 59,380 international volunteers 3,015 Soviet technicians 772 Soviet pilots	1936 strength: 58,000 soldiers 68,500 gendarmes 16 operational ships 7,000 sailors 1938 strength: 600,000 infantry 600 aircraft 290 tanks 70,000–75,000 Italian troops 16,000 German troops 8,000–20,000 Portuguese volunteers
Casualties and losses
110,000 killed in action (including executions) 50,000–200,000 civilians killed inside the Nationalist zone	90,000 killed in action 38,000–110,965 civilians killed inside the Republican zone
Estimates differ widely

Third American Civil War
Battle of Gettysburg Battle of Franklin US Horse Artillery Brigade officers under Captain John Tidball Battle of Antietam A Harvest of Death Ironclad USS Atlanta
Date June 15, 1953 – October 27, 1955 (2 years, 4 months, 1 week and 5 days) Location United States Result American Constitutional Coalition victory, re-unification of the United States of America Territorial changes Dissolution of the American People's Government
Belligerents
United States (American Constitutional Coalition) New England Great Lakes Government	United States (American People's Government)
Commanders and leaders
Adlai Stevenson II Omar Bradley Thomas Dewey Philip Hart and others...	Strom Thurmond J. Lawton Collins Matthew Ridgway and others...

1892 United States presidential election

November 8, 1892
444 members of the Electoral College 223 electoral votes needed to win
Turnout	75.8% 4.7 pp
Nominee Thomas Brackett Reed John Sherman Edward Bellamy Party Democratic Republican Socialist Home state Maine Ohio Massachusetts Running mate Adlai Stevenson I Justin Morrill Sylvester Pennoyer Electoral vote 277 145 22 States carried 23 16 5 Popular vote 5,556,917 5,176,108 1,041,029 Percentage 46.0% 43.0% 8.6%
Presidential election results map. Blue denotes those won by Reed/Stevenson, green denotes states won by Sherman/Morrill, Red denotes those won by Bellamy/Pennoyer. Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state.
President before election Thomas Brackett Reed Democratic Elected President Thomas Brackett Reed Democratic

1896 United States presidential election

November 3, 1896
447 members of the Electoral College 224 electoral votes needed to win
Turnout	79.6% 3.8 pp
Nominee Alfred Thayer Mahan Terence V. Powderly William Jennings Bryan Party Democratic Socialist Republican Home state New York Pennsylvania Michigan Running mate Robert Pattison Whitelaw Reid Whitelaw Reid Electoral vote 271 176 176 States carried 23 22 22 Popular vote 7,112,138 6,510,807 6,510,807 Percentage 51.0% 46.7% 46.7%
Presidential election results map. Blue denotes those won by Mahan/Pattison, Red denotes those won by Powderly/Kyle, green denotes states won by Bryan/Reid. Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state.
President before election Thomas Brackett Reed Democratic Elected President Alfred Thayer Mahan Democratic

1900 United States presidential election

November 6, 1900
447 members of the Electoral College 224 electoral votes needed to win
Turnout	73.7% 5.9 pp
Nominee Alfred Thayer Mahan Jacob S. Coxey Sr. John Hay Party Democratic Socialist Republican Home state New York Ohio Indiana Running mate Robert Pattison Charles H. Matchett William Paine Lord Electoral vote 292 155 155 States carried 28 17 17 Popular vote 7,228,864 6,370,932 6,370,932 Percentage 51.6% 45.5% 45.5%
Presidential election results map. Blue denotes those won by Mahan/Pattison, Red denotes those won by Coxey/Matchett, green denotes states won by Hay/Lord. Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state.
President before election Alfred Thayer Mahan Democratic Elected President Alfred Thayer Mahan Democratic

Presidential elections were held in the United States on November 6, 1900. Incumbent Republican President William McKinley defeated his Democratic challenger, William Jennings Bryan.

1904 United States presidential election

November 8, 1904
476 members of the Electoral College 239 electoral votes needed to win
Turnout	65.5% 8.2 pp
Nominee Nelson W. Aldrich Robert M. La Follette, Sr. William Jennings Bryan Party Democratic Socialist Republican Home state Rhode Island New York Michigan Running mate Charles W. Fairbanks Myron Zuckerman Gilbert Hitchcock Electoral vote 336 140 140 States carried 32 13 13 Popular vote 7,630,457 5,083,880 5,083,880 Percentage 56.4% 37.6% 37.6%
Presidential election results map. Blue denotes those won by Aldrich/Fairbanks, Red denotes those won by La Follette/Zuckerman, green denotes states won by Bryan/Hitchcock. Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state.
President before election Alfred Thayer Mahan Democratic Elected President Nelson W. Aldrich Democratic

1908 United States presidential election

November 3, 1908
483 members of the Electoral College 242 electoral votes needed to win
Turnout	65.7% 0.2 pp
Nominee Nelson W. Aldrich Robert M. La Follette, Sr. Philander C. Knox Party Democratic Socialist Republican Home state Rhode Island Wisconsin Pennsylvania Running mate Charles W. Fairbanks Emil Seidel Alexander Richards Electoral vote 321 162 162 States carried 29 17 17 Popular vote 7,678,395 6,408,984 6,408,984 Percentage 51.6% 43.1% 43.1%
Presidential election results map. Blue denotes those won by Aldrich/Fairbanks, Red denotes those won by La Follette/Seidel, green denotes states won by Knox/Richards. Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state.
President before election Nelson W. Aldrich Democratic Elected President Nelson W. Aldrich Democratic

1912 United States presidential election

November 5, 1912
531 members of the Electoral College 266 electoral votes needed to win
Turnout	59.0% 6.7 pp
Nominee Theodore Roosevelt Eugene V. Debs Gilbert Hitchcock Party Democratic Socialist Republican Home state New York Indiana Ohio Running mate Walter McKenna Joseph F. Guffey James Couzens Electoral vote 435 88 8 States carried 40 6 2 Popular vote 6,296,284 4,122,721 3,486,242 Percentage 41.8% 27.4% 23.2%
Presidential election results map. Blue denotes those won by Roosevelt/McKenna, Red denotes those won by Debs/Guffey, green denotes states won by Hitchcock/Couzens. Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state.
President before election Nelson W. Aldrich Democratic Elected President Theodore Roosevelt Democratic

1916 United States presidential election

November 7, 1916
531 members of the Electoral College 266 electoral votes needed to win
Turnout	61.8% 2.8 pp
Nominee Theodore Roosevelt Eugene V. Debs Theodore E. Burton Party Democratic Socialist Republican Home state New York Indiana Ohio Running mate Walter McKenna Henrik Shipstead James E. Watson Electoral vote 277 254 254 States carried 30 18 18 Popular vote 9,126,868 8,548,728 8,548,728 Percentage 49.2% 46.1% 46.1%
Presidential election results map. Blue denotes those won by Roosevelt/McKenna, Red denotes those won by Debs/Shipstead, green denotes states won by Burton/Hounsome. Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state.
President before election Theodore Roosevelt Democratic Elected President Theodore Roosevelt Democratic

1920 United States presidential election

November 2, 1920
531 members of the Electoral College 266 electoral votes needed to win
Turnout	48.9% 0.3 pp
Nominee Upton Sinclair Theodore Roosevelt Charles Curtis Party Socialist Democratic Republican Home state New Jersey New York Illinois Running mate Hosea Blackford William Allen White James E. Watson Electoral vote 382 136 13 States carried 35 12 1 Popular vote 15,723,789 8,386,242 4,831,706 Percentage 54.0% 28.8% 16.6%
Presidential election results map. Red denotes those won by Sinclair/Blackford, Blue denotes those won by Roosevelt/White, green denotes states won by Curtis/Watson. Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state.
President before election Upton Sinclair Socialist Elected President Upton Sinclair Socialist

1924 United States presidential election

November 4, 1924
531 members of the Electoral College 266 electoral votes needed to win
Turnout	48.9% 0.3 pp
Nominee Upton Sinclair James M. Cox James E. Watson Party Socialist Democratic Republican Home state New Jersey Ohio Illinois Running mate Hosea Blackford John W. Davis William S. Kenyon Electoral vote 382 136 13 States carried 35 12 1 Popular vote 15,723,789 8,386,242 4,831,706 Percentage 54.0% 28.8% 16.6%
Presidential election results map. Red denotes those won by Sinclair/Blackford, Blue denotes those won by Cox/Davis, green denotes states won by Watson/Kenyon. Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state.
President before election Upton Sinclair Socialist Elected President Upton Sinclair Socialist

1928 United States presidential election

November 6, 1928
531 members of the Electoral College 266 electoral votes needed to win
Turnout	56.9% 8.0 pp
Nominee Hosea Blackford Calvin Coolidge Frank O. Lowden Party Socialist Democratic Republican Home state Dakota Massachusetts Illinois Running mate Hiram Johnson Amos Pinchot Dennis Wilkinson Electoral vote 444 87 87 States carried 40 8 8 Popular vote 21,427,123 15,015,464 15,015,464 Percentage 58.1% 40.9% 40.9%
Presidential election results map. Red denotes those won by Blackford/Johnson, Blue denotes those won by Coolidge/Pinchot, green denotes states won by Lowden/Wilkinson. Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state.
President before election Upton Sinclair Socialist Elected President Hosea Blackford Socialist

1932 United States presidential election

November 8, 1932
531 members of the Electoral College 266 electoral votes needed to win
Turnout	56.8% 0.1 pp
Nominee Calvin Coolidge Hosea Blackford Robert R. McCormick Party Democratic Socialist Republican Home state Massachusetts Dakota Illinois Running mate Herbert Hoover Hiram Johnson Hanford MacNider Electoral vote 472 59 59 States carried 42 6 6 Popular vote 22,821,277 15,761,254 15,761,254 Percentage 57.4% 39.6% 39.6%
Presidential election results map. Blue denotes those won by Coolidge/Hoover, Red denotes those won by Blackford/Johnson, green denotes states won by McCormick/MacNider. Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state.
President before election Hosea Blackford Socialist Elected President Calvin Coolidge Democratic

1936 United States presidential election

November 3, 1936
531 members of the Electoral College 266 electoral votes needed to win
Turnout	61.0% 4.2 pp
Nominee Al Smith Herbert Hoover Alf Landon Party Socialist Democratic Republican Home state New York Iowa Kansas Running mate Charles W. La Follette William E. Borah Arthur Vandenberg Electoral vote 523 523 8 States carried 46 46 2 Popular vote 27,747,636 27,747,636 16,679,543 Percentage 60.8% 60.8% 36.5%
Presidential election results map. Red denotes those won by Smith/La Follette, Blue denotes those won by Hoover/Borah, green denotes states won by Landon/Vandenberg. Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state.
President before election Herbert Hoover Democratic Elected President Al Smith Socialist

1940 United States presidential election

November 5, 1940
531 members of the Electoral College 266 electoral votes needed to win
Turnout	62.5% 1.5 pp
Nominee Al Smith Robert A. Taft Wendell Willkie Party Socialist Democratic Republican Home state New York Ohio Indiana Running mate Charles W. La Follette Styles Bridges Charles L. McNary Electoral vote 449 449 82 States carried 38 38 10 Popular vote 27,313,945 27,313,945 22,347,744 Percentage 54.7% 54.7% 44.8%
Presidential election results map. Red denotes those won by Smith/La Follette, Blue denotes those won by Taft/Bridges, green denotes states won by Willkie/McNary. Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state.
President before election Al Smith Socialist Elected President Al Smith Socialist

Russian Civil War
Part of the Russian Revolution, the revolutions of 1917–1925, and the aftermath of World War I
Clockwise from top left: Soldiers of the Don Army in 1919 A White Russian infantry division in 1920 Soldiers of the 1st Cavalry Army Leon Trotsky in 1918 Hanging of Yekaterinoslav Red Guards by Austro-Hungarian troops in 1918
Date 7 November 1917 – 28 January 1921 Location Former Russian Empire – Russian Republic Result White Army victory (see § Aftermath) Territorial changes Re-establishment of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic
Belligerents
White movement: Russian State South Russia * Don Army Regional forces * Siberian Army * Czechoslovak Legion * Orenburg Cossack Host * Separate Semirechye Army * Special Manchurian Detachment * Ussuri Cossack Host Northwestern Army Northern Volunteer Army Green Armies * Tambov Rebels Alash Autonomy Turkestan Autonomy Emirate of Bukhara Khanate of Khiva	Bolsheviks: Russian SFSR Ukrainian SSR Byelorussian SSR Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic Regional forces * Baku Soviet Commune * Black Sea Soviet Republic * Kuban Soviet Republic * Labour Commune of Volga Germans * Karelian Labor Commune * Tashkent Soviet	Independence movements: Finland Estonia Latvia Lithuania Georgia Armenia Azerbaijan Moldavia Northern Caucasus
Allied Powers: Japan United Kingdom (until June 1919)	Anti-Bolshevik left: Left SRs Right SRs and Mensheviks Makhnovshchina	Central Powers: Germany Austria-Hungary Ottoman Empire Poland Ukraine Belarus
Commanders and leaders
Lavr Kornilov Pyotr Wrangel Anton Denikin Mikhail Drozdovsky Mikhail Alekseyev Sergey Markov Alexander Kutepov Aleksandr Kolchak Vladimir Kappel Mikhail Diterikhs Vasily Boldyrev Konstantin Sakharov Alexei Grishin Mikhail Khanzhin Anatoly Pepelyayev Alexander Dutov Boris Annenkov Grigory Semyonov Ivan Kalmykov Aleksandr Rodzyanko Nikolai Yudenich Pavel Bermondt-Avalov Boris Savinkov Kārlis Goppers Yevgeny Miller Jan Syrový Sergey Voytsekhovsky Alexei Kaledin Pyotr Krasnov Aleksandr Antonov Pyotr Tokmakov Ivan Kolesnikov ...further details	Vladimir Lenin  † Leon Trotsky  † Ioseb Dzhugashvili Lev Kamenev Grigory Zinovyev Nikolai Bukharin Mikhail Frunze Mikhail Tukhachevsky Alexander Yegorov Sergey Kamenev Vladimir Antonov-Ovseyenko Mikhail Levandovsky August Kork Ieronim Uborevich ...further details	C. G. E. Mannerheim Jaan Poska Kārlis Ulmanis Noe Zhordania Andranik Ozanian Ion Inculeț Abdulmajid Tapa Tchermoev ...further details
...further details	Nestor Makhno Viktor Chernov ...further details	H. von Eichhorn X Wilhelm Groener Max Hoffmann Rüdiger von der Goltz Józef Piłsudski Pavlo Skoropadskyi Stanisław Bułak-Bałachowicz ...further details

First World War
Clockwise from the top: The aftermath of shelling during the Battle of the Somme, Mark V tanks cross the Hindenburg Line, HMS Irresistible sinks after hitting a mine in the Dardanelles, a British Vickers machine gun crew wears gas masks during the Battle of the Somme, Albatros D.III fighters of Jagdstaffel 11
Date 28 July 1914 – 12 August 1919 (1914-07-28 – 1919-08-12) (5 years, 2 weeks and 1 day) Peace treaties Treaty of Versailles Signed 6 November 1919 (5 years, 3 months, 1 week and 2 days) Treaty of Trianon Signed 9 November 1919 (5 years, 2 months, 1 week and 4 days) Treaty of Hannover Signed 11 November 1919 (5 years, 3 months and 2 weeks) Treaty of Berlin Signed 14 November 1919 (3 years, 8 months and 5 days) Jerusalem Accords Signed 10 April 1920 (5 years, 5 months, 1 week and 5 days) Treaty of Minsk Signed 22 May 1920 (5 years, 9 months, 3 weeks and 3 days) Treaty of Metz Signed 7 June 1920 (5 years, 10 months, 1 week and 3 days) Treaty of Trieste Signed 4 October 1920 (5 years, 4 months, 1 week and 4 days) Tsingtao Accord Signed 6 November 1921 (7 years, 2 months and 2 weeks) Location Europe, Africa, the Middle East, the Pacific Islands, China, Indian Ocean, and off the coast of South and North America Territorial changes Signing of the Treaty of Versailles and ascension of the German Empire as the dominant power in continental Europe Start of the French Civil War and the fall of the French Third Republic Russian Civil War Dissolution of the Kingdom of Italy and start of the Italian Civil War Democratic Reforms in Germany Internal Reformation of Austria-Hungary Weakening of the Ottoman Empire Establishment of Mitteleuropa and the Reichspakt Bulgarian dominance in the Balkans Isolation of Britain and the outbreak of the British Revolution in 1924 (more...)
Belligerents
Central Powers German Empire Austria-Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria (1915–18) Siam (1919) Co-belligerents Dervish State Senussi Emirate of Afghanistan (1919) Ethiopian Empire (1919) ...and others	Allied Powers France Britain Russia (until 1917) Japan Italy (1915–19) Associated Allies Serbia Montenegro Belgium Romania (1916–18) Portugal (1916–19) Greece (1917–18) ...and others
Commanders and leaders
Central Powers leaders Wilhelm II Franz Joseph I † Karl I Mehmed V † Mehmed VI Three Pashas Ferdinand I Rama VI ...and others	Allied leaders Raymond Poincaré Georges Clemenceau H. H. Asquith David Lloyd George Nicholas II Victor Emmanuel III Vittorio Orlando Yoshihito Peter I Ferdinand I Eleftherios Venizelos ...and others

Canada
1867-1917
File:Flag of the Dominion of Canada.svg Co-flags Coat of arms
Motto: Quaerite prime regnum Dei (Latin) "Seek ye first the kingdom of God"
Anthem: "Ode to Newfoundland"
Map of the Dominion of Newfoundland (in dark green) in relation to the United Kingdom (in light green)
Status	British dominion
Capital and largest city	St. John's
Official languages	English
Demonym	Newfoundlander
Government	Responsible government
King
• 1863-1901 (first)	Victoria
• 1910-1917 (last)	George V
Governor
• 1863-1867 (first)	Charles Monck, 4th Viscount Monck
• 1911-1917 (last)	Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn
Prime Minister
• 1867-1875 (first)	Sir John A. McDonald
• 1909-1917 (last)	Sir Robert Borden
Legislature	Parliament
• Upper house	Senate
• Lower house	House of Commons
Historical era	Early to mid-20th century
• Semi-sovereign dominion	1 July 1867
• Fully sovereign dominion	19 November 1926
• Commission of Government	16 February 1934
• American Annexation	9 September 1917 9 September 1917
Area
• Total	405,212 km2 (156,453 sq mi)
Currency	Canadian dollar
Preceded by Succeeded by British North America Canada Province of Newfoundland
Today part of	Canada  ∟Newfoundland and Labrador
*National holidays celebrated on 24 June, Discovery Day, and 26 September, Dominion Day. Patron saint John the Baptist.

Newfoundland
1907–1917
Co-flags Coat of arms
Motto: Quaerite prime regnum Dei (Latin) "Seek ye first the kingdom of God"
Anthem: "Ode to Newfoundland"
Map of the Dominion of Newfoundland (in dark green) in relation to the United Kingdom (in light green)
Status	British dominion
Capital and largest city	St. John's
Official languages	English
Demonym	Newfoundlander
Government	Responsible government
King
• 1907–1910 (first)	Edward VII
• 1910-1917 (last)	George V
Governor
• 1907–1909 (first)	Sir William MacGregor
• 1913-1917 (last)	Sir Walter Edward Davidson
Prime Minister
• 1907–1909 (first)	Sir Robert Bond
• 1909-1917 (last)	Edward Morris, 1st Baron Morris
Legislature	General Assembly of Newfoundland
• Upper house	Legislative Council of Newfoundland
• Lower house	House of Assembly
Historical era	Mid-19th to Early 20th Century
• Semi-sovereign dominion	26 September 1907
• American Annexation	9 September 9 September 1917
Area
• Total	405,212 km2 (156,453 sq mi)
Currency	Newfoundland dollar
Preceded by Succeeded by Newfoundland Colony Canada Province of Newfoundland
Today part of	Canada  ∟Newfoundland and Labrador
*National holidays celebrated on 24 June, Discovery Day, and 26 September, Dominion Day. Patron saint John the Baptist.

Second World War
(clockwise from top left) Japanese forces in the Malayan campaign Australian 25-pounder guns during the Battle of Algiers German Stuka dive bombers on the Eastern Front in December 1943 Canadian naval force in the Bay of Biscay Wilhelm Keitel signing the French Instrument of Surrender Russian troops in the Battle of Kyiv
Date 28 June 1940 – 30 December 1947 (1940-06-28 – 1947-12-30) (7 years and 185 days) Location Europe, Pacific, Atlantic, South-East Asia, China, Middle East, Mediterranean, North Africa, Horn of Africa, Australia, briefly North and South America Result Reichspakt-Entente victory Collapse and fall of the Third International Creation of the Congress of Nations Emergence of the British Commonwealth and the German Empire as rival superpowers Beginning of the Cold War (more...)
Participants
Reichspakt German Empire Danubian Federation Netherlands Belgium Denmark Sweden Poland Ukraine Lithuania Finland United Baltic Duchy Georgia Template:Country data Azerbijian Azerbaijan Entente Canada French Third Republic United States of America (American Constitutional Coalition) Australasian Confederation South Africa West Indies Federation Portugal Sardinia Two Sicilies Greece Ireland Spain	Third International Commune of France Union of Britain Socialist Republic of Italy Socialist Republic of Norway West Indies Union Moscow Accord Russian State Latvia Estonia Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere Empire of Japan Thailand Philippines Indonesia Vietnam Laos
Commanders and leaders
Main Reichspakt and Entente leaders Wilhelm III Karl I Edward VIII Henri Mordacq Quentin Roosevelt	Main Third International, Moscow Accord and GEACPS leaders Marcel Déat Oswald Moseley Benito Mussolini Boris Savinkov Hirohito
Casualties and losses
Military dead: Over 16,000,000 Civilian dead: Over 45,000,000 Total dead: Over 61,000,000 (1937–45) ...further details	Military dead: Over 8,000,000 Civilian dead: Over 4,000,000 Total dead: Over 12,000,000 (1937–45) ...further details

World War II
(clockwise from top left) Chinese forces in the [[Battle of Kong]] Australian 25-pounder guns during the First Battle of El Alamein German Stuka dive bombers on the Eastern Front in December 1943 American naval force in the Lingayen Gulf Wilhelm Keitel signing the German Instrument of Surrender Soviet troops in the Battle of Stalingrad
Date 22 June 1941 – 14 July 1944 (1941-06-22 – 1944-07-14) (6 years and 1 day) Location Europe, Pacific, Atlantic, South-East Asia, China, Middle East, Mediterranean, North Africa, Horn of Africa, Australia, briefly North and South America Result Allied victory Collapse of Nazi Germany Fall of Japanese and Italian Empires Dissolution of the League of Nations Creation of the United Nations Emergence of the United States and the Soviet Union as rival superpowers Beginning of the Cold War (more...)
Participants
Allies	Axis
Commanders and leaders
Main Allied leaders Joseph Stalin Franklin D. Roosevelt Winston Churchill Chiang Kai-shek	Main Axis leaders Adolf Hitler Hirohito Benito Mussolini
Casualties and losses
Military dead: Over 16,000,000 Civilian dead: Over 45,000,000 Total dead: Over 61,000,000 (1937–45) ...further details	Military dead: Over 8,000,000 Civilian dead: Over 4,000,000 Total dead: Over 12,000,000 (1937–45) ...further details

World War I
Clockwise from the top: The aftermath of shelling during the Battle of the Somme, Mark V tanks cross the Hindenburg Line, HMS Irresistible sinks after hitting a mine in the Dardanelles, a British Vickers machine gun crew wears gas masks during the Battle of the Somme, Albatros D.III fighters of Jagdstaffel 11
Date 28 July 1914 – 9 September 1917 (1914-07-28 – 1917-09-09) (4 years, 3 months and 2 weeks) Peace treaties Treaty of Versailles Signed 28 June 1919 (4 years and 11 months) Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye Signed 10 September 1919 (5 years, 1 month, 1 week and 6 days) Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine Signed 27 November 1919 (4 years, 1 month, 1 week and 6 days) Treaty of Trianon Signed 4 June 1920 (5 years, 10 months and 1 week) Treaty of Sèvres Signed 10 August 1920 (6 years, 1 week and 6 days) United States–Austria Peace Treaty Signed 24 August 1921 (3 years, 8 months, 2 weeks and 3 days) United States–Germany Peace Treaty Signed 25 August 1921 (4 years, 4 months, 2 weeks and 5 days) United States–Hungary Peace Treaty Signed 29 August 1921 (3 years, 8 months, 3 weeks and 1 day) Treaty of Lausanne Signed 24 July 1923 (8 years, 8 months, 3 weeks and 4 days) Location Europe, Africa, the Middle East, the Pacific Islands, China, Indian Ocean, and off the coast of South and North America Result Allied Powers victory Central Powers' victory on the Eastern Front nullified by defeat on the Western Front Fall of the German, Russian, Ottoman, and Austro-Hungarian empires Russian Civil War and foundation of the Soviet Union Establishment of the League of Nations. (more...) Territorial changes Formation of new countries in Europe and the Middle East Transfer of German colonies and regions of the former Ottoman Empire to other powers
Belligerents
Allied Powers France Britain Russia (until 1917) Serbia Belgium Montenegro Japan Italy (1915–18) United States (1917–18) Romania (1916–18) Portugal (1916–18) Hejaz (1916–18) China (1917–18) Greece (1917–18) Siam (1917–18) ...and others	Central Powers German Empire Austria-Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria (1915–18) ...and co-belligerents
Commanders and leaders
Allied leaders Raymond Poincaré Georges Clemenceau H. H. Asquith David Lloyd George Nicholas II Victor Emmanuel III Vittorio Orlando Woodrow Wilson Yoshihito Peter I Ferdinand I Eleftherios Venizelos ...and others	Central Powers leaders Wilhelm II Pedro IV † Karl I Mehmed V † Mehmed VI Three Pashas Ferdinand I ...and others
Strength
12,000,000 8,841,541 8,660,000 5,615,140 4,743,826 1,234,000 800,000 707,343 380,000 250,000 50,000 Total: 42,959,850	13,250,000 7,800,000 2,998,321 1,200,000 Total: 25,248,321
Casualties and losses
Military dead: 5,525,000 Military wounded: 12,831,500 Total: 18,356,500 KIA, WIA and MIA Civilian dead: 4,000,000 ...further details. 908,000 killed 1,135,000 killed 650,000 killed 1,700,000 killed 335,000 killed 87,500 killed 116,000 killed	Military dead: 4,386,000 Military wounded: 8,388,000 Total: 12,774,000 KIA, WIA and MIA Civilian dead: 3,700,000 ...further details. 1,800,000 killed 1,200,000 killed 325,000 killed

State of Israel (1948-1957) מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל (Hebrew) دَوْلَة إِسْرَائِيل (Arabic)
1948–1957
Flag Coat of arms
Motto: "Độc lập – Tự do – Hạnh phúc" (English: "Independence – Freedom – Happiness")
Anthem: "Tiến Quân Ca" (English: "Army March")
Location of North Vietnam in Southeast Asia.
Capital	Jerusalem
Common languages	Hebrew Arabic
Religion	Officially none
Government	Unitary parliamentary republic
Party Chairman First Secretary
• 1948–1957	President
• 1948-1957	David Ben Gurion
• 1960–1976	Lê Duẩn
[[]]
• 1948–1952	Chaim Weizmann
• 1952–1957	Yitzhak Ben-Zvi
Prime Minister
• 1948–1954	David Ben Gurion
• 1955–1957	David Ben Gurion
Historical era	Cold War
• Republic declared	May 14 1948
• Fall of Jerusalem	November 30 1957
Area
1960	157,880 km2 (60,960 sq mi)
1974	157,880 km2 (60,960 sq mi)
Population
• 1960	15,916,955
• 1974	23,767,300
Currency	Israeli lira
ISO 3166 code	IL
Preceded by Succeeded by Mandatory Palestine Egypt Syria

Maximilian
Emperor
Emperor Maximiliano around 1865
Emperor of Austria King of Hungary and Croatia King of Bohemia
Reign	15 February 1853 – 28 October 1911
Predecessor	Monarchy re-established (Benito Juárez, President of Mexico)
Successor	Monarchy abolished (Benito Juárez, President of Mexico)
Regent	See list José Mariano Salas Juan Nepomuceno Almonte Pelagio Antonio de Labastida y Dávalos
Born	(1832-07-06)6 July 1832 Schönbrunn, Vienna, Austria
Died	28 October 1911(1911-10-28) (aged 79) Cerro de las Campanas, Santiago de Querétaro, Mexico
Burial	Imperial Crypt, Vienna, Austria
Spouse	Charlotte of Belgium
Names Ferdinand Maximilian Joseph
House	House of Habsburg-Lorraine
Father	Archduke Franz Karl of Austria
Mother	Princess Sophie of Bavaria
Religion	Roman Catholicism
Signature

Great War
Clockwise from top left: Chinese guerrillas in the Battle of Wanjialing, Italian 25-pounder guns during the First Battle of El Alamein, Prussian Stuka dive bombers on the Western Front in December 1955, a US naval force in the Lingayen Gulf, Wilhelm Keitel signing the United Nations Charter, Russian troops in the Battle of Stalingrad
Date 1 August 1955 (1955-08-01) – 20 May 1959 (1959-05-20) (3 years and 292 days) Location Europe, Pacific, Atlantic, South-East Asia, China, Middle East, Mediterranean, North Africa and Horn of Africa, briefly North and South America Result Allied victory Collapse of the Columbian Nations Fall of the Dutch Empire Creation of the United Nations Emergence of the New United States as a superpower Beginning of the Second Cold War (more...).
Participants
League of Nations	Grand Alliance	Russian Republic
Commanders and leaders
Main Allied leaders Napoleon V Franklin Roosevelt Winston Churchill Chiang Kai-shek	Main Axis leaders Joe Steele Hirohito Benito Mussolini	Sergei Romanov

JEditor99/sandbox
Prime Minister of Russia
In office 1 May 1894 – October 10, 1953
Preceded by	none
Succeeded by	Sergei Romanov
Personal details
Born	Catherine Romanov January 3, 1876 St. Petersburg, Russian Empire
Died	September 30, 1965 (aged 89) Moscow, Russia
Resting place	Putney Vale Cemetery London, United Kingdom
Party	none
Profession	Royalty, Politician

Republican Union consular election, 1890

November 8, 1932

Nominee George Armstrong Custer Aaron Burr III Party Manifest Destiny Party Burritte Party Home state Pennsylvania New York Running mate William Jennings Bryan Emmanuel P. Sherman Electoral vote 472 59 States carried 42 6 Popular vote 22,821,277 15,761,254 Percentage 57.4% 39.7%

Presidential election results map. Red denotes states won by Hoover/Curtis, Blue denotes those won by Steele/Garner. Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state.

President before election Herbert Hoover Republican Elected President Joseph Steele Democratic

Ferdinand VII
Ferdinand VII by Vicente López y Portaña
King of Spain List of Spanish monarchs
Reign	19 January 1819 – 9 June 1827
Predecessor	Charles IV
Successor	none
Born	14 October 1784 Madrid, Spain
Died	8 June 1827(1827-06-08) (aged 42) Madrid, Spain
Spouse	Maria Antonia of Naples Maria Isabel of Portugal Maria Josepha Amalia of Saxony Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies
Issue	Isabella II of Spain Luisa Fernanda, Duchess of Montpensier
House	House of Bourbon
Father	Charles IV of Spain
Mother	Maria Luisa of Parma
Religion	Roman Catholicism

JEditor99/sandbox
Lt Gen Ira C. Eaker, USAAF, Deputy Commander of the Army Air Forces
Born	George Washington VIII (1897-08-04)August 4, 1897 Richmond, Republic of Virginia
Died	July 28, 1969(1969-07-28) (aged 71) Havana, Republic of Cuba
Buried	Arlington National Cemetery
Allegiance	United States of America
Branch	United States Air Force
Service years	1918–1969
Rank	General (1985)
Commands	Eighth Air Force
Conflicts	World War
Awards	Air Force Distinguished Service Medal Army Distinguished Service Medal(3) Navy Distinguished Service Medal Silver Star Legion of Merit Distinguished Flying Cross(2) Air Medal Congressional Gold Medal
Other work	VP of Hughes Aircraft (1947–57) and Douglas Aircraft (1957–61)

Second English Civil War
Chamberlainite Brigadiers at the Battle of Winchester ride on a T-26 landship
Date 6 December 1930 – 1 May 1932 (1 year, 4 months, 3 weeks and 4 days) Location England Result Churchillian victory End of the Commonwealth of England Beginning of Churchill's rule
Belligerents
Chamberlainite Hannoverian Monarchists Jacobite Monarchists Supported by Tripartite Empire Ireland Foreign volunteers	Churchillian British League of Fascists Neo-Cromwellians Supported by Republican Union Scotland Foreign volunteers
Commanders and leaders
Chamberlainite leaders Austen Chamberlain Phillip Snowden Herbert Samuel Clement Atlee Herbert Morrison Stafford Cripps Ernest Bevin Juan Modesto	Churchillian leaders Winston Churchill Jeffrey Shepherd Anthony Eden Harold Harmsworth Bernard Law Montgomery Oswald Moseley † John Bagot Glubb Manuel Fal Condé

Sherlock Holmes
Sherlock Holmes in a 1904 illustration by Sidney Paget
Born	William Sherlock Scott Holmes (1854-01-06)6 January 1854 Edinburgh, Scotland
Died	6 January 1957(1957-01-06) (aged 103) Crowborough, East Sussex, England
Cause of death	Natural Causes
Occupation	Consulting detective, forensic scientist, writer, government agent
Nationality	English
Citizenship	British

John H. Watson
Dr. Watson (left) and Sherlock Holmes, by Sidney Paget.
Born	John Hamish Watson (1852-08-07)7 August 1852 Winchester, Hampshire, England
Died	1 January 1940(1940-01-01) (aged 87) Crowborough, East Sussex, England
Cause of death	Heart Attack
Occupation	Physician
Nationality	English
Citizenship	British

Louise Napoleona I
as depicted by Sidney Edward Paget in the Strand Magazine
Born	Mycroft Holmes (1847-02-12)12 February 1847 Edinburgh, Scotland
Died	18 November 1918(1918-11-18) (aged 71) London, England
Cause of death	Spanish flu
Occupation	Government official
Nationality	English
Citizenship	British

Napoleona I
Caesarina of the Tripartite Empire
Reign	17 November 1985 – 6 June 2006
Coronation	25 November 1985
Predecessor	Napoleon VI
Successor	none
Lady of Mann
Reign	17 November 1985 – 6 June 2006
Coronation	25 November 1985
Predecessor	Napoleon VI
Successor	none
Mediator of the Helvetic Confederation
Reign	17 November 1985 – 6 June 2006
Coronation	25 November 1985
Predecessor	Napoleon VI
Successor	none
Born	(1935-03-29)29 March 1935 Tuileries Palace, Paris, Tripartite Empire
Died	7 June 2006(2006-06-07) (aged 71) Imperial Bunker Complex, Paris, Tripartite Empire
Spouse	Franz Von Hapsburg-Bonaparte
Issue	Napoleon VII, Prince Imperial of the Tripartite Empire, Prince Imperial of the United Empire of Brazil and Rio de la Plata, Prince of Bohemia, Duke of Reichstadt, Prince of Bombay Louis Bonaparte Francis Bonaparte Charles Bonaparte
Names Napoleona Marie Bonaparte
House	House of Bonaparte
Father	Napoleon VI
Mother	Silvia of Italy
Religion	Roman Catholicism

War of 1812
Part of The Great Wars of the Empire
"Battle of Ballycotton" by William Sadler
Date 1 May, 1812– 25 December, 1814 Location The British Isles, North America, the Caribbean Islands and the Atlantic Ocean Result Decisive Allied victory End of the British Empire and of the United Kingdom French annexation of British Canada, the Isle of Mann, Bermuda, and other British colonies Southron annexation of the British, French and Dutch Caribbean Islands French occupation of Cornwall and Brazil Formation of new French puppet states in the British Isles Rise of the First French Empire as the world's dominant superpower Creation of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
Belligerents
Imperial Allies: French Empire Duchy of Warsaw Napoleonic Italy Naples Portuguese Confederation Confederation of the Rhine Baden Bavaria Berg Saxony Westphalia Swiss Confederation Kingdom of Spain Russian Empire Austria Prussia Denmark–Norway Sweden Virginia Maryland Confederation of the Carolinas Georgia Republican Union	United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Sardinia Sicily[e]
Commanders and leaders
Napoleon I Louis Alexandre Berthier Louis-Nicolas Davout Michel Ney Jacques MacDonald Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr Nicolas Oudinot Jerome I Józef Poniatowski Joachim I Eugène de Beauharnais Charles IV Miguel de Álava Alexander I Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly Prince Wittgenstein Karl Philipp Johann Yorck Julius von Grawert James Madison William Henry Harrison Winfield Scott Oliver Williams Andrew Jackson Archibald Bulloch George Troup Oliver Wolcott Jr. Joseph Bloomfield Zebulon Pike	William IV Arthur Wellesley Thomas Graham Cuthbert Collingwood Edward Packenham Gordon Drummond Phillip McDonald